Trennbare Verben: How Separable Verbs Work in German
Understand German separable verbs like aufstehen, anrufen, and mitkommen. Learn where the prefix goes in main clauses, questions, Perfekt, and infinitive clauses.
Trennbare Verben: When German Verbs Split Apart
German has a dramatic little habit: sometimes a verb walks into a sentence as one word and leaves as two.
You learn the verb aufstehen (to get up). Nice and simple.
Then you see:
- Ich stehe um 7 Uhr auf.
I get up at 7 o'clock.
The verb has split. The main part (stehe) moved to position 2, and the prefix (auf) jumped to the end.
These verbs are called trennbare Verben (separable verbs), and once you understand the pattern, they become one of the most satisfying parts of German grammar.
1. What Is a Separable Verb?
A separable verb is made of two parts:
- A prefix
- A base verb
| Prefix | Base Verb | Full Verb | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| auf | stehen | aufstehen | to get up |
| an | rufen | anrufen | to call |
| mit | kommen | mitkommen | to come along |
| ein | kaufen | einkaufen | to shop |
| aus | machen | ausmachen | to turn off |
The prefix changes the meaning of the base verb.
-
stehen = to stand
-
aufstehen = to get up
-
rufen = to call/shout
-
anrufen = to phone someone
So do not treat the prefix as decoration. It is part of the meaning.
2. Main Clause Rule: Prefix Goes to the End
In a normal main clause, the conjugated base verb goes to position 2, and the prefix goes to the end.
| Infinitive | Sentence |
|---|---|
| aufstehen | Ich stehe früh auf. |
| anrufen | Er ruft seine Mutter an. |
| mitkommen | Wir kommen heute mit. |
| einkaufen | Sie kauft im Supermarkt ein. |
Think of the prefix as a little anchor at the end of the sentence.
Ich rufe dich morgen nach der Arbeit an.
The sentence can become long, but the prefix still waits patiently at the end.
3. Yes/No Questions
In yes/no questions, the conjugated verb goes to position 1. The prefix still goes to the end.
-
Stehst du früh auf?
Do you get up early? -
Rufst du mich später an?
Will you call me later? -
Kommt ihr heute mit?
Are you coming along today?
The prefix does not panic. It stays at the end.
4. W-Questions
With question words like wann, warum, wo, and wen, the conjugated verb returns to position 2.
-
Wann stehst du auf?
When do you get up? -
Warum rufst du nicht an?
Why are you not calling? -
Wo kaufst du ein?
Where do you shop?
Question word first, conjugated verb second, prefix at the end.
5. The Perfekt: Ge Goes in the Middle
In the Perfekt tense, separable verbs do something very German: they put ge between the prefix and the base verb.
| Infinitive | Partizip II | Example |
|---|---|---|
| aufstehen | aufgestanden | Ich bin früh aufgestanden. |
| anrufen | angerufen | Er hat mich angerufen. |
| einkaufen | eingekauft | Wir haben eingekauft. |
| mitkommen | mitgekommen | Sie ist mitgekommen. |
Pattern:
prefix + ge + verb stem
- auf + ge + standen
- an + ge + rufen
- ein + ge + kauft
This is one of the easiest ways to recognize separable verbs in real texts.
6. Modal Verbs Keep the Infinitive Together
When a modal verb is in the sentence, the separable verb stays together at the end in the infinitive.
-
Ich muss früh aufstehen.
I have to get up early. -
Kannst du mich morgen anrufen?
Can you call me tomorrow? -
Wir wollen heute einkaufen.
We want to go shopping today.
Why? Because the modal verb is already conjugated. The separable verb is just an infinitive, so it stays whole.
7. Subordinate Clauses: The Verb Goes to the End Together
In subordinate clauses with words like weil, dass, wenn, or ob, the conjugated verb moves to the end. With separable verbs, the prefix and verb reunite.
-
Ich bin müde, weil ich früh aufstehe.
I am tired because I get up early. -
Sie sagt, dass sie dich morgen anruft.
She says that she will call you tomorrow. -
Wenn du mitkommst, freue ich mich.
If you come along, I will be happy.
In a subordinate clause, the split disappears.
8. Common Separable Prefixes
These prefixes are often separable:
| Prefix | Basic Idea | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| ab | away/off | abfahren, abholen |
| an | on/toward | anrufen, anfangen |
| auf | up/open | aufstehen, aufmachen |
| aus | out/off | ausgehen, ausmachen |
| ein | in | einkaufen, einsteigen |
| mit | with/along | mitkommen, mitbringen |
| vor | forward/before | vorstellen, vorlesen |
| zu | closed/toward | zumachen, zuhören |
| zurück | back | zurückkommen, zurückgeben |
Be careful: some prefixes can be separable or inseparable depending on the verb and meaning. But for A1 to B1, the list above will carry you very far.
9. Word Order Cheat Sheet
| Sentence Type | Example |
|---|---|
| Main clause | Ich rufe dich an. |
| Yes/no question | Rufst du mich an? |
| W-question | Wann rufst du mich an? |
| Modal verb | Ich muss dich anrufen. |
| Subordinate clause | ..., weil ich dich anrufe. |
| Perfekt | Ich habe dich angerufen. |
If you remember only one thing, remember this:
In main clauses, separable verbs split. In infinitives and subordinate clauses, they stay together.
Summary Checklist
- Separable verbs have a prefix plus a base verb.
- In main clauses, the prefix moves to the end.
- In yes/no questions, the conjugated verb comes first and the prefix stays at the end.
- With modal verbs, the separable verb stays together as an infinitive.
- In subordinate clauses, the verb and prefix reunite at the end.
- In the Perfekt, ge goes between prefix and verb: angerufen, eingekauft.
Mini-Quiz
Put the prefix in the correct place:
- Ich ___ jeden Tag um 6 Uhr ___. (aufstehen)
- Rufst du mich heute Abend ___? (anrufen)
- Ich kann morgen nicht ___. (mitkommen)
Answers:
- Ich stehe jeden Tag um 6 Uhr auf.
- Rufst du mich heute Abend an?
- Ich kann morgen nicht mitkommen.
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